Looks like its a slightly more complex version of an oil catch can.
A catch can stops oil mist being re circulated into the air intake.
I have one on my impreza and as far as i know its a recomended mod, especially on a modified car.
Without a catch can, the recirculated oil mist reduces the octane content of the petrol somewhat(so ive been told).
So for safety and when getting a map to increase power they are highly recomended