Pinking (or pinging) and detonation are 2 different things. Pinking is when the timing is so advanced, compression ratio too high, or the mixture self ignites in the cylinder, due to heat, that the fuel mixture fire's far too early, and the sound is mdae by a massive loading on the crank-pin.
Detonation on the other hand is when the mixture is ignited in 2 differnet regions on the combustion chamber, and the flame front's collide,
As for measureing RON, as it cannot be calculated correctly, this is how it's done.
The fuel is tested on an engine that runs at 600 rpm and inlet temp's of 65.6 C, until knock is detected. Then a mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane is run at the same compression ratio, in different mixture's until the same knock is detected.
For example 95 RON is equal in knock reistance to a mixture on 95% iso-octane and 5% n-heptane.
The MON number is calculated at higher speeds (900 rpm) and greater inlet temp's (148.9 C) and is usually between 6 and 12 points less than RON. This is more important than RON for high revving engine's or turbo/super charged engine's.
John